Victorian Era essays

Victorian Era essays The Victorian Era was a time of wide extremes. elegant city streets, gas lamps, and in contrast grinding poverty. It was also a time of exploration and invention. With their pioneer spirit wild frontier towns were born across the world. and with their flare and ingenuity the Victorians took with them their values and elegance. the term Victorian, which literally describes things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), conveyed connotations of "prudish," "repressed," and "old fashioned." Although such associations have some basis in fact, they do not adequately indicate the nature of this complex, paradoxical age that was a second English Renaissance. Like Elizabethan England, Victorian England saw great expansion of wealth, power, and culture. (What Victorian literary form do you think parallels Elizabethan drama in terms of both popularity and literary achievement?) In science and technology, the Victorians invented the modern idea of invention the notion that one can create solutions to problems, that man can create new means of bettering himself and his environment. In religion, the Victorians experienced a great age of doubt, the first that called into question institutional Christianity on such a large scale. In literature and the other arts, the Victorians attempted to combine Romantic emphases upon self, emotion, and imagination with Neoclassical ones upon the public role of art and a corollary responsibility of the artist. In ideology, politics, and society, the Victorians created astonishing innovation and change: democracy, feminism, unionization of workers, socialism, Marxism, and other modern movements took form. In fact, this age of Darwin, Marx, and Freud appears to be not only the first that experienced modern problems but also the first that attempted modern solutions. Victorian, in other words, can be taken to mean parent of the modern and like most powerful parents, it provoked a powerful ...

Minor v. Happersett - Womens Voting Rights Denied

Minor v. Happersett - Women's Voting Rights Denied On October 15, 1872, Virginia Minor applied to register to vote in Missouri. The registrar, Reese Happersett, turned down the application, because the Missouri state constitution read: Every male citizen of the United States shall be entitled to vote. Mrs. Minor sued in Missouri state court, claiming her rights were violated on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment. Text of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments After Minor lost the suit in that court, she appealed to the state Supreme Court. When the Missouri Supreme Court agreed with the registrar, Minor brought the case to the United States Supreme Court. Fast Facts: Minor v. Happersett Case Argued: Feb. 9, 1875Decision Issued: March 29, 1875Petitioner: Virginia Minor, a female U.S. citizen and resident of the state of MissouriRespondent: Reese Happersett, St. Louis County, Missouri, registrar of votersKey Questions: Under the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause, and the 15th Amendments assurance that voting rights must not be denied or abridged ... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, did women have the right to vote?Majority Decision: Justices Clifford, Swayne, Miller, Davis, Field, Strong, Bradley, Hunt, WaiteDissenting: NoneRuling: The Court ruled that the Constitution  did not grant anyone, specifically female citizens of the U.S., the right to vote. The Supreme Court Decides The US Supreme Court, in an 1874 unanimous opinion written by the chief justice, found: women are citizens of the United States, and were even before the Fourteenth Amendment passedthe right of suffrage the right to vote is not a necessary privilege and immunity to which all citizens are entitledthe Fourteenth Amendment did not add the right of suffrage to citizenship privilegesthe Fifteenth Amendment was required to be sure voting rights were not denied or abridged ... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude in other words, the amendment was not necessary if citizenship conferred voting rightswomens suffrage was explicitly excluded in nearly every state either in the constitution or in its legal code; no state had been excluded from joining the Union for lack of womens voting rights, including states re-entering the Union after the Civil War, with newly written constitutionsthe US had made no objection when New Jersey explicitly withdrew womens suffrage rights in 1807arguments about the need for womens suffrage were irrelevant to their decision s Thus, Minor v. Happersett reaffirmed the exclusion of women from voting rights. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, in granting suffrage rights to women, overrode this decision. Related Reading Linda K. Kerber. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies. Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. 1998

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members Research Paper

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members on a Team - Research Paper Example Motivation has been explained to be a reactive mechanism to a reinforcement that people receive in a workplace context (Kerzner, 2003). This means that motivation is a way that people respond to reinforcement to give off their best at work. Motivation, therefore, needs to be triggered by something. In most organizational settings, the word motivation is used to refer to the desire that people should have to put up their best to ensure improved productivity. A worker who is result oriented and normally seen to be on top of his or her job and delivering up to expectation or beyond is therefore seen to be a highly motivated person. It is in this direction that Cherry (2011) explains that â€Å"motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours.† From her definition, it can be seen that motivation actually sets the pace for success as it initiatives goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also serves as roadmap or yardstick to success a s it guides goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also acts as an agent of preservation of success as it maintains goal-oriented behaviours. The absence of motivation is, therefore, tantamount to haphazardness at the workplace as it eliminates clear cut focus and goal-oriented behaviour from the organisation. All organisation and institutions are set up with a basic principle of achieving something positive. It is in line with this that there are often mission statements and vision statements for all well-meaning organisations. But in order to achieve the overall mission or vision set by any given organisation, it is very important that a series of projects and tasks are delivered.

Interplay of Bilbo's Tookish and Baggins sides in J.R.R Tolkein's 'The Essay

Interplay of Bilbo's Tookish and Baggins sides in J.R.R Tolkein's 'The Hobbit' - Essay Example Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist, is a timid hobbit who although a good man from inside is prone to living the life that he has always led. He doesn’t leave his home even though he has a ‘Tookish’ adventurous enigma in his blood from his mother’s side. It seems as though the Baggins side (His father’s), overwhelms his personality more than anything else. At the beginning, he is seen to be kind and serene, living in the nobility of his name in his home town and drinking tea like the old English. However, after he is set on the adventure at the persistence of Gandalf the Wizard, probably the friend he admires the most, that he lets other aspects intercept his usually peace and quiet loving nature. At the end though after the battle and when he sees the familiarity of home, he feels at peace again and does not want to go away from it for a long time. He lives in the stories and even though the days seem long to him because he has, after all, made the most exciting journey that settling would be hard after that. Still, it is very clear that he has embraced his Tookish side and is very confident about himself. The conflicts that he was facing early on and during the middle of his journey is nonexistent the heroism he had portrayed at circumstances forth facilitates the better understanding and self-reliance he has now. He does not possess a dual personality; he just had not experienced the many talents and hidden courage he had. They were explored only because Gandalf had faith in his little friend. The transformation he faced from start to end is just learning and molding of character because he still is the same Bilbo Baggins.

Tours To Niagara Falls From New York City Tourism Essay

Tours To Niagara Falls From New York City Tourism Essay New York is one of the most popular tourist destinations. It is the financial capital of America and is also called the big apple. A large number of tourists visit New York every year and the number just keeps on increasing. New York has a number of beautiful locations for sightseeing, such as the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, Times Square, WTC memorial, Central Park and many museums, theatres, art galleries, university campuses and amusement parks. Various city tours such as escorted tours, group tours, bus tours, car tours, private tours and individual tours are arranged for the tourists according to their preferences. Escorted tours are structured programs inclusive of sightseeing, meals and accommodations for a group of tourists traveling together, led by well-informed escorts. Escort tours are very popular in America, as they take care of all the details, such as flight bookings, arrival pick up and drop, hotel accommodation, sightseeing and any other requirement that may arise. This gives the tourists a stress- free and enjoyable experience and they are able to make the most of their holiday. The duration of these escorted tours depends on the package chosen by the tourists. They are normally fast paced and wind up in a day or two. Some of the tours cover all the major sightseeing locations in a day, while others offer a more detailed tour. These escort tours give real value for money and time. Tour directors mainly conduct escorted tours and take full responsibility for the tourists and their needs. These tours are conducted by motor coach. Escorted tours offer a very secure sightseeing experience, as the escort is available for any issues tourists might have. A number of New York tour operators offer escorted tours priced at a slightly higher rate than regular tours. Tours To Niagara Falls From New York City New York city is a popular holiday destination, with many attractions and exotic locations. Niagara Falls is located at a distance of one hour, by flight from New York City. Many tour operators arrange convenient one-day tours from the city. The tour operators even arrange the pick- up from the hotel. This is extremely beneficial for tourists who are staying at the New York hotels. Niagara Falls is on the international borders of USA and Canada and can be accessed from both the countries. It is close to Buffalo in New York State and from there, it can be accessed by road. The Niagara Falls is the second largest waterfall in the world and attracts nearly twelve million tourists every year. Some of the tours are conducted at night, when the falls take on a different look. The guided tours are available in foreign languages, such as Spanish, Mexican, Chinese and Russian. These are season specific and are available only in the peak seasons. Most of the tours from New York are also designed for handicapped people and the tour operators make the necessary facilities available, for their transportation and movement. The tour operators also offer discounts on their services. Some tours are arranged by road, but it takes almost eight hours to reach the falls and so the duration of the tour could exceed a day. Boat rides are also included in the tour package, by which tourists get to experience the thrill of being showered by the Niagara Falls. The tours also include a ride in the specially designed elevators that are very close to the falls, to give a closer view. A number of tour operators arrange a variety of tours from New York City to Niagara Falls. Prices vary depending on the type of tour chosen. Free New York City Tours The big apple, as New York is fondly referred to, is the busiest tourist destinations in America. It has a number of attractions and breath-taking locations, that are a tourists delight any time of the day or night. New York is one of the leading metropolitan cities in the world and is considered the finance capital of the world. New York is one of the most expensive cities to tour in the world. Many NGOs and local groups arrange free tours for groups of five to six people. The main purpose of these free tours is to change the opinion many people harbor, that New York is a city without a heart. The idea behind the free tours is to enable tourists with rigid budgets, to be able to enjoy their holiday. These tours help the tourists to cut down on the extra expenses they would normally incur on sight seeing. Some well-known banks also offer free tours of their premises on certain days. The duration of these tours is limited to few hours and tourists need to make advance reservations in order to avail of them. Similarly many public parks, stadiums, art societies and museums offer free tours on certain days and at specific times. These tours also have the free services of qualified guides, who give all the historic and strategic importance of the place being toured. Tourists can also research all the free tour options and reduce their cost on touring considerably. Most of these tours are held as free walking tours to the citys famous landmarks. These free tours are a great way to tour the city and enjoy it with family, friends and fellow tourists. A list of all free tours reveals that, almost half of New York City can be toured without spending much. A Guide To New York City Tours New York city is one of the most popular holiday destinations in the world. It is well known for its tall buildings, nightlife and the world famous Statue of Liberty. This finance capital of the world is expensive to tour, but a little research definitely helps. It is natural to get confused while personally designing a tour of this big city, after observing its diverse cultural heritage. Hence, it is advisable to conduct a little research and use the expertise of a tour guide. Many reputed newspapers and magazines of New York publish city guides, in order to help the tourist to find relevant information, even before arriving in the city. Many travel agents conduct their own research and compile their own guides. These guides could be biased towards their own services. Many professionals choose tourism as a profession and dedicate their whole life to gaining valuable, hands- on experience of the tours available. The tour guides compiled and written by them are by far the most accurate and useful to all tourists. These tour guides can be purchased at reputed bookstores and on the Internet. Many travel related websites also conduct their own surveys and compile tour guides. There are many websites dedicated to tourism in New York and tourists find them very useful. A standard tour guide gives the names, addresses and contact numbers of all the hotels and resorts present in the city. It includes the names of all the travel agents, timings and information regarding all the flights and trains arriving and leaving New York, with location maps. The guides also have information of all the tourist attractions and suitable timings. Important information regarding the emergency telephone numbers and contact addresses of all hospitals, police stations and country specific embassies are also included in these guides.

Foxconn and Apple

Subject: Apple and Foxconn controversy from the eye of the consumer Over the last couple years, Apple and Foxconn have been partaking in poor business methods thus causing them a great deal of deserved criticism. The consumer, must decide whether or not to continue buying from Apple because the consumer is what causes Apple to continue to make new products which results in the poor conditions at Foxconn. Foxconn and Apple violate many ethical, moral and basic human principles. The SituationOver the past several years, Apple's major hardware and development contributor, Foxconn, has received a great deal of criticism over their working conditions and benefits. There are over a dozen Foxconn factories in China, all of which employ hundreds of thousands of people. To this day Foxconn remains the leader in electronic component manufacturing. Since 2010, various accounts of mistreatment of employees have arose, causing many controversies. The most significant to date, are the many reporte d suicides of Foxconn plant workers.In early June, the most recent suicide occurred of twenty three year old man. It was the first suicide since Foxconn agreed with the United States and Apple to improve working conditions (Foxconn Suicide, 2012). Prior to this suicide, there had been over a dozen suicides in direct correlation to the poor working conditions and low pay. Various news reports and documentaries arose in 2012 exposes this supposedly giant scandal. Apple, one of the worlds most prominent developers of consumer electronics, is making numerous attempts to fix the current issues at Foxconn. The move comes after Apple, criticized over working conditions at its sprawling chain of suppliers in China, agreed to an investigation by the independent Fair Labor Association earlier this year to stem criticism that its products were built in sweatshop-like conditions† (Foxconn Suicide, 2012). The next several years will be dedicated to making Foxconn a positively labeled corpo ration thus giving Apple is good reputation back. The Impact on a Stakeholder Group (Consumer) As a consistent consumer of Apple products over the last decade, one can only be disappointed in the decisions made by Apple.Of course the consumers were not directly involved in the poor conditions of the company or the deaths of many workers. In reality, we the consumers, are indirectly contributing to the current issues at Foxconn. We choose to purchase their products, buy stocks and invest our hard earned money into a company that chooses to do things the easy way rather than the smart way. In a report written by the Insider Staff in 2012 called Apple, Foxconn and China: The Cost of Manufacturing, they said â€Å"Think of your iPhone you would as a hamburger—the meat was once part of a living, breathing animal.Its life was taken so you could have lunch. This is the price for the type of life we lead, whether it's the price we pay to buy something once living that's now a packag e of hamburger or the price for a brand-new iPhone. † The iPhone, Macbooks and iPods we purchase were all at one point a collection of parts. Thanks to the many news reports, we realize that these parts are stained with the blood, sweat and tears of the many workers just trying to make a living. The consumer is the most affected party in this scenario. We choose to purchase Apple's new products for lower prices and faster shipping.We demand Apple to make newer products knowing that we will then buy them. Through these actions taken by the consumers, it allows for all the problems occurring at the Foxconn factories to continue. Apple does deserve come credit for the attempts they have made to fix all of the previously stated issues. â€Å"There is no question that Foxconn has been scrutinized because it produces products for Apple. Also a few years ago there were a number of suicides at Foxconn factories, which prompted labor groups to start looking into working conditions the re.Apple sent a team to China, including a group led by Tim Cook, who is now Apple's CEO. Apple also hired the non-profit Fair Labor Association to audit working conditions at Foxconn. The group has said that Foxconn has made progress at reducing workers' hours and improving conditions, and that Foxconn and Apple do make an effort to let students know they can resign from Foxconn and still graduate, and link the jobs they do at Apple with their studies† (Adams, 2012). The Fair Labor Association conducted a two week examination of the company to make sure it was up to date on all laws and regulations.Foxconn has raised all workers salaries by 16 to 25 percent. They have chosen to hire tens of thousands of more workers so that never again would an individual die from working a thirty hour shift. The FLA conducts interviews of over a hundred thousand employees to make sure they are content and have no serious, life threatening issues with Foxconn (Poeter, 2012). They correct step s have been taken to regain Apple's status as an ethical and beneficial company, while also fixing all of Apple's supplier companies like Foxconn. Ethical Dilemmas There were many ethical dilemmas after the Foxconn Apple scandal was exposed.A CNN documentary team went there and filmed the companies average work day. On January 29th the CNN report appeared which displayed graphic images of the Foxconn factory. â€Å"The segment graphically showed the suicide nets and the factory, it showed workers reportedly as young as 12 who worked shifts as long as 12 to 14 hours a day, six days a week. It also reported on the death of one worker who died at work after a shift of more than 30 hours. There's no question these condition approach the emotional feeling of slavery, if not legal definition.What's missing from the conversation is that Foxconn builds electronics products for a wide variety of companies, not just Apple† (Apple, Foxconn and China, 2012). All of the previously stated conditions violate countless ethical laws. In an article called Business Ethics- Issues written by Jim Riley, he says that a business can not claim to be ethical if the violate ethical practices such as child labor, production is sweatshops, violation of basic rights and ignoring health and safety issues. Foxconn violated absolutely every single one of these practices.The employed children to work and had them working shifts just as long as your average adult would. The physical conditions of the company were terrible, people were hardly allowed to eat, grime and dirt layered the floors and people worked countless hours shoulder to shoulder. Some have even chosen to compare it to Nazi death camps and the blood diamond controversies in Africa. Due to the constant allegations and controversies, Apple has taken giant steps towards creating a bright future. Apple sent in a Chief Operating Officer to the Chinese facility.The team interviewed more than one thousand workers along with crea ting a 24-hour care center (Sherr, 2011). Since 2007 Apple has audited 288 supplier facilities and even continues to do so even if it mean no longer working with them. Apple has found 91 underage workers in these facilities and will break off any ties to those who choose to overlook the issue. Apple is working hard to establish a good reputation for itself. They are pushing their supplier factories to follow every ethical and business guideline so that we the consumer can be happy and comfortable with the products we are purchasing.Analysis of Solution/Actions The 7 Guidelines for Making Ethical Decisions are a perfect example of the rules in which Apple and Foxconn decided to disobey. Firstly, the TV Test states that managers should always ask, â€Å"would they feel comfortable explain this to a TV audience? † Going back to Foxconn and Apple the clear and most obvious answer to this question is NO. Apple and Foxconn hid every negative aspect of the company for over two years . It was not until 2012 where CNN was allowed to go in and film the factory.If the numerous child workers, poor conditions and suicides were exposed earlier, this issue may have been resolved by now. Instead Foxconn covered up the scandal and allowed it to grow and infest throughout the company. Secondly, every child was raised by the Golden Rule, treat others they way you want to be treated. From the managers perspective, they chose to get things done rather than doing them the right way. What this means is that managers did not obey any ethical rules, rather they pushed workers to the extreme so that they could make as many products as possible.In conclusion, Apple's and Foxconn's violations were unacceptable. However, Apple has taken the right approach in correcting all of the issues at Foxconn. Whether or not it works, Apple has done all they can. Now it lies in the hands of the stakeholders to continue to or not to buy the companies products. Cited Work Adams, S. (2012). Apple' s New Foxconn Embarrassment. Forbes. Com, 8. Apple, Foxconn and China: The Human Cost of Manufacturing. (2012). Channel Insider, 1-2. Foxconn Suicide: Company Says Plant Worker Jumped From Apartment. (2012, June 14). HuffingtonPost.Retrieved  October  7, 2012, from http://foxconn suicide: Company says plant worker jumped from apartment . (2012, June 14). . Retrieved from www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/14/foxconn-suicide_n_1596138. html Poeter, D. (2012). Report: Apple Supplier Foxconn Raises Worker Pay at Chinese Plants. PC Magazine, 1. Riley, J. (2012, 9 23). Business ethics- issues. Retrieved from http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/business-ethics-issues. html SHERR, I. (2011, February 15). Apple Says China Partner Made Changes For Workers. Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition. p. B5.

Alignment Of Standards Definition And Content - 1303 Words

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